31 October 2024 — The European Commission has released its annual report on the enlargement process, outlining both the potential for reform in several candidate countries and the stagnation that has marred the journey towards EU membership. As geopolitical tensions rise, particularly with the ongoing Russian aggression in Ukraine, the report highlights the urgency of aligning the continent’s future under democratic values and the rule of law.
Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, emphasized the significance of the current geopolitical landscape during the report’s presentation. “The tense geopolitical situation makes it more essential than ever to complete the reunification of our continent under the values of democracy and the rule of law,” she stated, highlighting the growing importance of geostrategic considerations in the enlargement dialogue.
The report presents a comprehensive overview of the EU’s expansion efforts, offering recommendations for next steps. However, the final decisions on these matters lie with the Council, composed of all EU member states. This aspect of the process reflects the complex interplay between national interests and collective aspirations within the bloc.
A Demarcation Line with Russia
At a press conference following the report’s release, EU High Representative Josep Borrell made a stark assertion about the bloc’s stance towards Russia. “You cannot continue to have relations with Russia or try to carry on as before and expect the country to become a member of the EU,” he declared, making clear that alignment with EU positions is not merely advisable but essential for candidate countries.
Among the countries discussed, North Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo find themselves navigating the complexities of foreign policy in an ever-evolving global context. While some have made strides toward alignment with EU values, others face significant hurdles.
Montenegro and Albania: Different Paths, Shared Goals
Of the six countries in the Western Balkans, Montenegro stands out as a frontrunner in the race for EU membership. Currently in the final phase of negotiations, Montenegro is focused on closing chapters that have already been agreed upon. EU Enlargement Commissioner Oliver Varhelyi noted the significance of this moment, although he refrained from providing a specific timeline for the completion of the enlargement agreement.
Meanwhile, Albania has been engaged in negotiations concerning its future membership since October. The Commission’s report calls for Albania to expedite relevant reforms while recommending the opening of negotiation chapters related to foreign policy. This dual approach aims to balance the need for internal progress with external diplomatic alignment.
Serbia and Kosovo: Navigating a Fragile Relationship
For Serbia, the EU Commission emphasizes the importance of aligning its foreign policy with that of the EU, particularly regarding sanctions against Russia. The Commission also advocates for the normalization of relations with Kosovo, recognizing that stability in the region is contingent upon cooperation between these two nations.
Kosovo, which remains a potential candidate for EU membership, is under pressure to strengthen its rule of law and public administration. The Commission is poised to take further steps in the membership process if granted a mandate by the Council, showcasing a willingness to engage more deeply with the region’s challenges.
North Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Road Ahead
Neither North Macedonia nor Bosnia-Herzegovina has reached the substantive negotiation phase yet. According to the EU Commission, North Macedonia must undertake additional reforms, particularly in the realm of the rule of law, the justice system, and anti-corruption efforts.
Similarly, Bosnia-Herzegovina faces the need to implement the EU’s recommendations before official steps can be taken to initiate negotiations. The path forward for these nations remains fraught with challenges, but the EU’s commitment to enlargement continues to provide a beacon of hope for those aspiring to join the union.
